Glossary

Annotators SEED

The master copy for all data in the SEED environment. Users can not access this password protected site. All annotations are made available via the SEED-Viewer and the Trial-SEED.

Annotation

please see Assigning a gene function and annotation

Assigning a gene function and annotation

Annotators assign gene functions to genes, and we call this process annotation. In most contexts, people use the term annotation to refer to assignments of function to the genes within a single organism. We certainly use the term in this sense, but we also use it to describe the process of assigning functions to corresponding genes from numerous genomes. Our basic approach to annotation is to ask our annotators to annotate the genes included in a Subsystem (e.g., glycolysis) across all genomes. This process of annotation of the genes within a subsystem across a set of genomes, rather than annotation of genes within a single genome, allows our annotators to focus on a constrained set of functional roles and attempt to accurately identify exactly what variant, if any, of a subsystem exists in each of the genomes.

We use the term annotation to refer to assigning functions to genes (either within a single organism or to a constrained set of gene/protein families across a set of organisms). This activity certainly is closely related to the construction of subsystems and protein families (which we call FIGfams), but we will describe those activities elsewhere.

Assignment

please see Assigning a gene function and annotation

Bidirectional Best Hit

The paper The use of gene clusters to infer functional coupling defines a Bidirectional Best Hit or BBH as follows:

Given two genes Xa and Xb from two genomes Ga and Gb, Xa and Xb are called a “bidirectional best hit (BBH)” if and only if recognizable similarity exists between them (in our case, we required fasta3 scores lower than 1.0 × 10−5), there is no gene Zb in Gb that is more similar than Xb is to Xa, and there is no gene Za in Ga that is more similar than Xa is to Xb. Genes (Xa, Ya) from Ga and (Xb, Yb) from Gb form a “pair of close bidirectional best hits (PCBBH)” if and only if Xa and Ya are close, Xb and Yb are close, Xa and Xb are a BBH, and Ya and Yb are a BBH.

Clearinghouse

please see Subsystem Clearinghouse

FIGfam

FIGfams are protein families generated by the Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes (FIG). These families are based on the collection of subsystems, as well as correspondences between genes in closely related strains (we describe the construction of FIGfams in a separate SOP). The important properties of these families are as follows:

1. Two PEGs which both occur within a single FIGfam are believed to have the same function.

1. There is a decision procedure associated with the family which can be invoked to determine whether or not a gene can be “safely” assigned the function associated with the family.

Functional role

The concept of functional role is both basic and primitive in the sense that we will not pretend to offer a precise definition. It corresponds roughly to a single logical role that a gene or gene product may play in the operation of a cell.

Gene function

The function of a protein-encoding gene (PEG) is the functional role played by the product of the gene or an expression describing a set of roles played by the encoded protein. The operators used to construct expressions and the meanings associated with the operators are described in

http://www.nmpdr.org/FIG/Html/SEED_functions.html

Genes other than PEGs can also be assigned functions (e.g., SSU rRNA). However, in most cases the functions assigned to genes other than PEGs tend not to be problematic.

Metabolic Reconstruction

When we use the term metabolic reconstruction of a given genome we will simply mean the set of populated subsystems that contain the genome, the PEGs (and their assigned functions) that are connected to functional roles in these populated subsystems, and the specific variant code associated with the genome in each of the populated subsystems.

NMPDR pathogen genome

The NMPDR is responsible for five classes of genomes:

1. Campylobacter jejuni
2. Listeria monocytogenes
3. Staphylococcus aureus
4. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes
5. Pathogenic Vibrio

PEG

A Protein Encoding Gene (PEG) is equivalent to a CDS (Coding Sequence).

Populated Subsystem

please see Subsystem

SEED-Viewer

A read-only version of the SEED that presents the latest data.

http://seed-viewer.theseed.org

Please note: The data is updated automatically every 24 hours. When citing or linking to the SEED please use this version.

Subsystem

A subsystem is a set of functional roles that an annotator has decided should be thought of as related. Frequently, subsystems represent the collection of functional roles that make up a metabolic pathway, a complex (e.g., the ribosome), or a class of proteins (e.g., two-component signal-transduction proteins within Staphylococcus aureus). A populated subsystem is a subsystem with an attached spreadsheet. The rows of the spreadsheet represent genomes and the columns represent the functional roles of the spreadsheet. Each cell contains the identifiers of genes from the corresponding genome the implement the specific functional role. That is, a populated subsystem specifies which genes implement instances of the subsystem in each of the genomes. The rows of a populated genome are assigned variant codes which describe which of a set of possible variants of the subsystem exist within each genome (special codes expressing a total absence of the subsystem or remaining uncertainty exist). Construction of a large set of curated populated subsystems is at the center of the NMPDR and SEED annotation efforts.

Subsystem Clearing House

Since annotators can work on any machine (including the public SEED) the way to propagate subsystems is via

http://clearinghouse.theseed.org/clearinghouse_browser.cgi? 

Trial-SEED

A public, read-write copy of the SEED is made available on

http://theseed.uchicago.edu/FIG/index.cgi

Please note: The data on this server is updated in irregular intervals. Users should not assume that annotations made on this system will persist. Please publish your annotations to the Subsystem Clearing house.

Variant Code

please see Subsystem